This comprehensive atlas is the modern, state-of-the-art guide for intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) and management of the recurrent laryngeal nerve, vagus nerve and other cranial nerves at risk during thyroid, parathyroid and modified radical neck dissection surgery. Based on real-time electrophysiologic images, it will assist the surgeon in the decision-making process by incorporating important information related to the identification of the nerves and their functional status, aiding in the interpretation and improvement of the quality of neural monitoring and reducing inappropriate variations in monitoring technique. Utilization of IONM enables the surgeon to interrogate nerve anatomy and function with immediate quantitative feedback, thereby augmenting surgical training, and importantly, surgical skills and sound anatomic knowledge remain prerequisite and are not supplanted by IONM use.