Michael S. Kinch, PhD, is chief innovation officer at Stony Brook University. Beyond his current work documenting the sources of innovation responsible for new medicines, he has led cancer research activities at the biotechnology company MedImmune and the development of medicines to prevent pandemic virus outbreaks at Functional Genetics, Inc. He led drug discovery at Yale University and Washington University in St. Louis before moving to New York. He is the author of many books on public health, including Between Hope and Fear: A History of Vaccines and Human Immunity and The End of the Beginning: Cancer, Immunity, and the Future of a Cure.